We are using a two-stage qualitative approach to address our research questions, beginning with a global literature review, followed by ongoing semi-structured interviews with Indigenous and community-led practitioners engaged in native seed production and land restoration in so called Canada.
1. Review and Thematic Map Development
We began by conducting a literature review of academic literature addressing or highlighting case studies related to Indigenous, and community led native seed supply for land restoration, with no geographic boundaries. A bibliography of the literature reviewed is presented below. From this review, we developed a thematic map, identifying the major themes and sub-themes that emerged based on the guiding research questions;1. System drivers & contexts, 2. Role of Indigenous and local knowledge, and 3. Outcomes for socio-ecological & cultural restoration.
This thematic map not only organizes existing knowledge but is also intended to help guide our analysis of the interview data. The thematic map serves as a conceptual framework that connects literature to real-world practices and experiences. As we analyze the interview data, we expect the thematic map to change, and new themes to potentially appear, highlighting the integrative & flexible nature of this methodology.
This thematic map not only organizes existing knowledge but is also intended to help guide our analysis of the interview data. The thematic map serves as a conceptual framework that connects literature to real-world practices and experiences. As we analyze the interview data, we expect the thematic map to change, and new themes to potentially appear, highlighting the integrative & flexible nature of this methodology.
2. Interviews
Semi-structured interviews are being conducted with individuals working in or alongside Indigenous and community-led organizations that support native seed supply across Canada. The interview questions are designed to focus on the successful aspects of seed supply initiatives, with an emphasis on the inclusivity and integration of local Indigenous and community knowledge.
We have connected with participants through various channels, including industry contacts in the Yukon and Northern BC, the National Native Seed Supply Strategy Framework Group, and the Indigenous Seed Collection Program through the National Tree Seed Centre. Recruitment of participants is ongoing, and we welcome any feedback or suggestions to enhance this process.
We have connected with participants through various channels, including industry contacts in the Yukon and Northern BC, the National Native Seed Supply Strategy Framework Group, and the Indigenous Seed Collection Program through the National Tree Seed Centre. Recruitment of participants is ongoing, and we welcome any feedback or suggestions to enhance this process.
Bibliography
-Atkinson, Rachel, Evert Thomas Jonathan Cornelius, Rene Zamora, and Maria Franco Chuaire. n.d. “Fit-for-Purpose Seed Supply Systems for the Implementation of Landscape Restoration under Initiative 20x20.”
-Baker, Carolyn. n.d. “Federal Agency and Tribal Partnerships for Native Seed Collection and Ecological Restoration in the Western United States.”
-Barnes, Rodger. n.d. “Indigenous Groups, Land Rehabilitation and Mine Closure: Exploring the Australian Terrain.”
-Breman, E., D. Ballesteros, E. Castillo-Lorenzo, C. Cockel, J. Dickie, A. Faruk, K. O’donnell, et al. 2021. “Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—the Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank.” Plants 10 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112371.
-Campos-Filho, E.M., J.N.M.N. Da Costa, O.L. De Sousa, and R.G.P. Junqueira. 2013. “Mechanized Direct-Seeding of Native Forests in Xingu, Central Brazil.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 32 (7): 702–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.817341.
-De Urzedo, Danilo Ignacio, Robert Fisher, Dannyel Sá, and Rodrigo Junqueira. 2020. “Indigenous Participation in the Native Seed Market: Adapting Ethnic Institutions for Ecological Restoration in the Southeastern Amazon.” In Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics, 287–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-29153-2_12.
-Dedefo, Kassim, Abayneh Derero, Yemiru Tesfaye, and Jonathan Muriuki. 2017. “Tree Nursery and Seed Procurement Characteristics Influence on Seedling Quality in Oromia, Ethiopia.” Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 26 (2): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1221365.
-GibsonRoy, Paul, Nola Hancock, Linda Broadhurst, and Martin Driver. 2021. “Australian Native Seed Sector Characteristics and Perceptions Indicate Low Capacity for Upscaled Ecological Restoration: Insights from the Australian Native Seed Report.” Restoration Ecology 29 (7): e13428. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13428.
-Giselda Durigan, Giselda Durigan, Natália Guerin, Natalia Guerin, Natalia Guerin, Natalia Guerin, José Nicola Martorano Neves da Costa, and José Nicola Martorano Neves da Costa. 2013. “Ecological Restoration of Xingu Basin Headwaters: Motivations, Engagement, Challenges and Perspectives.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1619): 20120165–20120165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0165.
-Kennedy, Christine. n.d. “Indigenous Entrepreneurship: Closing the Gap on Local Terms” 17 (2).
-LeónLobos, Pedro, Marcela A. BustamanteSánchez, Cara R. Nelson, Diego Alarcón, Rodrigo Hasbún, Michael Way, Hugh W. Pritchard, and Juan J. Armesto. 2020. “Lack of Adequate Seed Supply Is a Major Bottleneck for Effective Ecosystem Restoration in Chile: Friendly Amendment to Bannister et al. (2018).” Restoration Ecology 28 (2): 277–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13113.
-Miller-Sabbioni, Christian, Stephen van Leeuwen, Andrew T. Knight, Kingsley Dixon, Shane Turner, Michael Just, and Simone Pedrini. 2023. “Promoting Indigenous-Led Restoration: The Seed and Nursery Industry Forum for Aboriginal Organisations, Northam, Western Australia, September 2022.” Ecological Management & Restoration 24 (1): 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12580.
-Nyoka, Betserai I. n.d. “Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models.”
-Parmenter, Joni, Kia Dowell, Sarah Holcombe, and Rowena Alexander. 2023. “Aboriginal Employment Outcomes at Argyle Diamond Mine: What Constitutes Success, and for Whom?” Resources Policy 87 (December):104327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104327.
-Pedrini, Simone, Danilo Urzedo, Nancy Shaw, Jack Zinnen, Giles Laverack, and Paul Gibson-Roy. 2023. “Strengthening the Global Native Seed Supply Chain for Ecological Restoration.” In Ecological Restoration, 437–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-25412-3_12.
-Sanches, R.A., and C. Futemma. 2020. “Ngô Ndêt Pá Khre: Environmental Governance for the Future of the Xingu River (Mato Grosso, Brazil).” In Socio-Environmental Regimes and Local Visions: Transdisciplinary Experiences in Latin America, 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49767-5_4.
-Sanches, R.A., and C.R.T. Futemma. 2019. “Seeds Network and Collective Action for the Restoration and Conservation of Xingu River’s Springs (Mato Grosso, Brazil).” Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente 50:127–50. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v50i0.59435.
-Sanches, Rosely Alvim, Célia Regina Tomiko Futemma, and Heber Queiroz Alves. 2021. “Indigenous Territories and Governance of Forest Restoration in the Xingu River (Brazil).” Land Use Policy 104 (May):104755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104755.
-Schmidt, I. B., D. I. De Urzedo, F. C. M. PiñaRodrigues, D. L. M. Vieira, G. M. De Rezende, A. B. Sampaio, and R. G. P. Junqueira. 2019. “Communitybased Native Seed Production for Restoration in Brazil – the Role of Science and Policy.” Edited by H. Pritchard. Plant Biology 21 (3): 389–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12842.
-Urzedo, Danilo I. de, Robert Fisher, Fatima C. M. Piña-Rodrigues, Juliana M. Freire, and Rodrigo G. P. Junqueira. 2019. “How Policies Constrain Native Seed Supply for Restoration in Brazil.” Restoration Ecology 27 (4): 768–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12936.
-Urzedo, Danilo, Simone Pedrini, Clancy Hearps, Kingsley Dixon, and Stephen Van Leeuwen. 2022. “Indigenous Environmental Justice through Coproduction of Mining Restoration Supply Chains in Australia.” Restoration Ecology 30 (S1): e13748. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13748.
-Urzedo, Danilo, Simone Pedrini, Daniel L. M. Vieira, Alexandre B. Sampaio, Bruna D. F. Souza, Eduardo Malta Campos-Filho, Fatima C. M. Piña-Rodrigues, Isabel B. Schmidt, Rodrigo G. P. Junqueira, and Kingsley Dixon. 2022. “Indigenous and Local Communities Can Boost Seed Supply in the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.” Ambio 51 (3): 557–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01593-z.
-Urzedo, DI de, FCM Piña-Rodrigues, R Feltran-Barbieri, RGP Junqueira, and R Fisher. 2020. “Seed Networks for Upscaling Forest Landscape Restoration: Is It Possible to Expand Native Plant Sources in Brazil?” FORESTS 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030259.
-Urzedo, D.I., E. Vidal, E.O. Sills, F.C.M. Pinã-Rodrigues, and R.G.P. Junqueira. 2016. “Tropical Forest Seeds in the Household Economy: Effects of Market Participation among Three Sociocultural Groups in the Upper Xingu Region of the Brazilian Amazon.” Environmental Conservation 43 (1): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000247.
-Yawuru Country Managers, Nyul Nyul Rangers, Bardi Jawi Rangers, M Lindsay, and L Beames. 2022. “Integrating Scientific and Aboriginal Knowledge, Practice and Priorities to Conserve an Endangered Rainforest Ecosystem in the Kimberley Region, Northern Australia.” ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 23:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12535.
-Baker, Carolyn. n.d. “Federal Agency and Tribal Partnerships for Native Seed Collection and Ecological Restoration in the Western United States.”
-Barnes, Rodger. n.d. “Indigenous Groups, Land Rehabilitation and Mine Closure: Exploring the Australian Terrain.”
-Breman, E., D. Ballesteros, E. Castillo-Lorenzo, C. Cockel, J. Dickie, A. Faruk, K. O’donnell, et al. 2021. “Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—the Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank.” Plants 10 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112371.
-Campos-Filho, E.M., J.N.M.N. Da Costa, O.L. De Sousa, and R.G.P. Junqueira. 2013. “Mechanized Direct-Seeding of Native Forests in Xingu, Central Brazil.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 32 (7): 702–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.817341.
-De Urzedo, Danilo Ignacio, Robert Fisher, Dannyel Sá, and Rodrigo Junqueira. 2020. “Indigenous Participation in the Native Seed Market: Adapting Ethnic Institutions for Ecological Restoration in the Southeastern Amazon.” In Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics, 287–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-29153-2_12.
-Dedefo, Kassim, Abayneh Derero, Yemiru Tesfaye, and Jonathan Muriuki. 2017. “Tree Nursery and Seed Procurement Characteristics Influence on Seedling Quality in Oromia, Ethiopia.” Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 26 (2): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1221365.
-GibsonRoy, Paul, Nola Hancock, Linda Broadhurst, and Martin Driver. 2021. “Australian Native Seed Sector Characteristics and Perceptions Indicate Low Capacity for Upscaled Ecological Restoration: Insights from the Australian Native Seed Report.” Restoration Ecology 29 (7): e13428. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13428.
-Giselda Durigan, Giselda Durigan, Natália Guerin, Natalia Guerin, Natalia Guerin, Natalia Guerin, José Nicola Martorano Neves da Costa, and José Nicola Martorano Neves da Costa. 2013. “Ecological Restoration of Xingu Basin Headwaters: Motivations, Engagement, Challenges and Perspectives.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1619): 20120165–20120165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0165.
-Kennedy, Christine. n.d. “Indigenous Entrepreneurship: Closing the Gap on Local Terms” 17 (2).
-LeónLobos, Pedro, Marcela A. BustamanteSánchez, Cara R. Nelson, Diego Alarcón, Rodrigo Hasbún, Michael Way, Hugh W. Pritchard, and Juan J. Armesto. 2020. “Lack of Adequate Seed Supply Is a Major Bottleneck for Effective Ecosystem Restoration in Chile: Friendly Amendment to Bannister et al. (2018).” Restoration Ecology 28 (2): 277–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13113.
-Miller-Sabbioni, Christian, Stephen van Leeuwen, Andrew T. Knight, Kingsley Dixon, Shane Turner, Michael Just, and Simone Pedrini. 2023. “Promoting Indigenous-Led Restoration: The Seed and Nursery Industry Forum for Aboriginal Organisations, Northam, Western Australia, September 2022.” Ecological Management & Restoration 24 (1): 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12580.
-Nyoka, Betserai I. n.d. “Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models.”
-Parmenter, Joni, Kia Dowell, Sarah Holcombe, and Rowena Alexander. 2023. “Aboriginal Employment Outcomes at Argyle Diamond Mine: What Constitutes Success, and for Whom?” Resources Policy 87 (December):104327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104327.
-Pedrini, Simone, Danilo Urzedo, Nancy Shaw, Jack Zinnen, Giles Laverack, and Paul Gibson-Roy. 2023. “Strengthening the Global Native Seed Supply Chain for Ecological Restoration.” In Ecological Restoration, 437–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-25412-3_12.
-Sanches, R.A., and C. Futemma. 2020. “Ngô Ndêt Pá Khre: Environmental Governance for the Future of the Xingu River (Mato Grosso, Brazil).” In Socio-Environmental Regimes and Local Visions: Transdisciplinary Experiences in Latin America, 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49767-5_4.
-Sanches, R.A., and C.R.T. Futemma. 2019. “Seeds Network and Collective Action for the Restoration and Conservation of Xingu River’s Springs (Mato Grosso, Brazil).” Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente 50:127–50. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v50i0.59435.
-Sanches, Rosely Alvim, Célia Regina Tomiko Futemma, and Heber Queiroz Alves. 2021. “Indigenous Territories and Governance of Forest Restoration in the Xingu River (Brazil).” Land Use Policy 104 (May):104755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104755.
-Schmidt, I. B., D. I. De Urzedo, F. C. M. PiñaRodrigues, D. L. M. Vieira, G. M. De Rezende, A. B. Sampaio, and R. G. P. Junqueira. 2019. “Communitybased Native Seed Production for Restoration in Brazil – the Role of Science and Policy.” Edited by H. Pritchard. Plant Biology 21 (3): 389–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12842.
-Urzedo, Danilo I. de, Robert Fisher, Fatima C. M. Piña-Rodrigues, Juliana M. Freire, and Rodrigo G. P. Junqueira. 2019. “How Policies Constrain Native Seed Supply for Restoration in Brazil.” Restoration Ecology 27 (4): 768–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12936.
-Urzedo, Danilo, Simone Pedrini, Clancy Hearps, Kingsley Dixon, and Stephen Van Leeuwen. 2022. “Indigenous Environmental Justice through Coproduction of Mining Restoration Supply Chains in Australia.” Restoration Ecology 30 (S1): e13748. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13748.
-Urzedo, Danilo, Simone Pedrini, Daniel L. M. Vieira, Alexandre B. Sampaio, Bruna D. F. Souza, Eduardo Malta Campos-Filho, Fatima C. M. Piña-Rodrigues, Isabel B. Schmidt, Rodrigo G. P. Junqueira, and Kingsley Dixon. 2022. “Indigenous and Local Communities Can Boost Seed Supply in the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.” Ambio 51 (3): 557–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01593-z.
-Urzedo, DI de, FCM Piña-Rodrigues, R Feltran-Barbieri, RGP Junqueira, and R Fisher. 2020. “Seed Networks for Upscaling Forest Landscape Restoration: Is It Possible to Expand Native Plant Sources in Brazil?” FORESTS 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030259.
-Urzedo, D.I., E. Vidal, E.O. Sills, F.C.M. Pinã-Rodrigues, and R.G.P. Junqueira. 2016. “Tropical Forest Seeds in the Household Economy: Effects of Market Participation among Three Sociocultural Groups in the Upper Xingu Region of the Brazilian Amazon.” Environmental Conservation 43 (1): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000247.
-Yawuru Country Managers, Nyul Nyul Rangers, Bardi Jawi Rangers, M Lindsay, and L Beames. 2022. “Integrating Scientific and Aboriginal Knowledge, Practice and Priorities to Conserve an Endangered Rainforest Ecosystem in the Kimberley Region, Northern Australia.” ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 23:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12535.